Cellphones Should Be Banned Free Essays

Cellphones ought to be prohibited Nowadays you see cellphones all over: at the store, at a café, and even at the theater. Individuals appear not ready to put them down or turn them off. Cellphones effectsly affect wellbeing, society, and security. We will compose a custom article test on Cellphones Should Be Banned or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now I have organized my conversation in a specific order, climbing of significance, so as to give the peruser some knowledge in the realm of cellphones, and why cellphones ought to be restricted. Cellphones can cause serious worry in all ages. Kids and youthful grown-ups are consistently on; they eat, rest and shower with their cellphones. Gaby Badre, MD, PhD, of Sahlgren’s Academy in Gothenburg, Sweden discovered that â€Å"Teenagers who too much utilize their mobile phone are progressively inclined to upset rest, eagerness, stress and fatigue† (American Academy of Sleep Medicine). While adolescents are focused when they are not on their telephone, continually being on can pressure individuals in the workforce. â€Å"Increasing utilization of mobile phones and pagers might be obscuring the limits among work and home and raising feelings of anxiety at both places† (Warner). Despite the fact that there is simply narrative proof of cellphone related malignant growth and cerebrum harm in grown-ups, proof was discovered that cellphones can harm a child’s mind. Kids utilizing cell phones retain as much as twofold the measure of radiation through their heads as grown-ups. The main researcher Dr. Om Ghandi, from the University of Utah, found that a child’s cerebrum can ingest radiation over its whole surface. Cellphone radiation principally impacts the neurological arrangement of a kid, â€Å"causing cerebral pains, absence of fixation, memory misfortune and resting issue. It can likewise cause epilepsy in children† (global child rearing affiliation). Further can radiation of cellphones hurt body cells and DNA. In Europe 12 research gatherings, chipped away at the task called Reflex. More than four years the scientists, facilitated by the german research bunch Verum, â€Å"studied the impact of radiation on human and creature cells in the laboratory† (universal child rearing affiliation). They found that solitary and twofold strand DNA breaks, in the wake of being presented to electro attractive fields. Educator Leif Salford, who headed the exploration at Sweden’s lofty Lund University, says ‘the intentional introduction of the mind to microwaves from hand-held portable phones’ is ‘the biggest human organic test ever’† (global child rearing affiliation). Like cellphones affect wellbeing, they affect society. Cellphones influence social connections, correspondence, and behavior. At the point when you a re watching a gathering of youngsters going out, or hanging tight for the transport together, every individual of the gathering is either messaging or considering a companion that isn't with the gathering at this moment, rather than conversing with one another. They maintain a strategic distance from awkward circumstances and encounters by either not noting a call or sending an instant message. â€Å"Text informing is risky, in addition to the fact that it ruins social connection between people, composing aptitudes and articulation. Everything turns out to be so unoriginal and simple† (Marquez). There is no cumbersome quietness or nonverbal reaction associated with content informing. You can fundamentally say anything you need in instant messages without uncovering your sentiments or conclusions. Content informing is unoriginal and youthful grown-ups appears to lose the capacity to have an up close and personal discussion. Additionally do cellphone greatly affect Socioeconomic Diversity. Cellphones and cellphone contracts are costly. Few out of every odd parent or understudy can manage the cost of a cellphone with boundless book, call, and information. This may separate youthful grown-ups from their friend and make them subject of harassing. â€Å"People can be discourteous when utilizing the telephone in public† (ehow) †telephone behavior is poor or doesn't exist by any means. Noting calls during a film or theater appear, to holding up the line at the store, or chancing upon individuals in the city, as a result of concentrating on the PDA rather than their environmental factors, are on the whole instances of poor wireless behavior. In any case, the most concerning issue with cellphones is security. The National Safety Council expresses that 28% of all fender benders are brought about by cellphone use in the driver's seat. The investigation â€Å"A examination of Cellphone Driver and the Drunk Driver†, by Daniel L. Strayer and et al. , at the University of Utah in 2006, states that chatting on the telephone while driving equivalents a blood liquor of 0. 08%. While adolescents are messaging, they spend around 10 percent of the time outside the driving path they’re expected to be in (Edgar Snyder). Be that as it may, there are other significant wellbeing issues associated with cellphones next to cellphone use while driving. Sexting, the accommodation of sexual messages or pictures, is turning out to be increasingly more mainstream among adolescents, and youthful grown-ups. â€Å"In January 2009, three secondary school young ladies from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania were accused of assembling and scattering or having youngster erotic entertainment after they purportedly sent bare or seminude PDA pictures of themselves to three male cohorts. The young men, ages sixteen and seventeen,were accused of ownership of youngster ornography for having the pictures on their telephones. The young ladies included were considerably more youthful, only fourteen and fifteen years old (Calvert). News like that are upsetting, however a long way from unprecedented. Youthful grown-ups and adolescents detailed that sexting is viewed as typical, and essential for dating and connecting. However, sexted pictures and messages are undependable. With todays cellphone innovation it is anything but difficult to send those photos viral, on the web, without the underlying sender knowing. The sender can be openly uncovered without their knowing. Moreover would others be able to snap your photo without your assent. When sentenced for dispersing or possessing kid sex entertainment, an adolescent or youthful grown-up can confront the opportunity to be named as sex guilty parties, â€Å"a disgrace that could frequent them for the duration of their lives, just for what one should seriously think about a young, brash indiscretion† (Calvert). Cellphones seem, by all accounts, to be helpful, yet they accompany serious symptoms. In the wake of thinking about the wellbeing, society, and security gives that cellphones carry with them a boycott of cellphones is defended. Shockingly a boycott isn't in sight for this moment so we have to ensure that youngsters, adolescents and youthful grown-ups figure out how to utilize their cellphones right, without relying upon them to an extreme. Work Cited Calvert, Clay. â€Å"SEX, CELL PHONES, PRIVACY, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: WHEN CHILDREN BECOME CHILD PORNOGRAPHERS AND THE LOLITA EFFECT UNDERMINES THE LAW. † Firstamandmend. com. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. http://firstamendment. jou. ufl. edu/bars/SexCellPhonesPrivacyArticle. pdf. â€Å"Developing the Child Brain. † ‘Early Learning’ Parenting Resource. Early Learning’ Parents Resource. Web. 01 May 2012. ;http://www. internationalparentingassociation. organization/BrainDevelopment/cellphones. html;. Titus, Christa. â€Å"Negative Impact of Mobile Phones on Society. † EHow. Request Media, 26 July 2009. Web. 02 May 2012. ;http://www. ehow. com/facts_5217378_negative-sway cell phones-society. html;. â€Å"Cell Phone Texting Accident Statistics. † Edgarsnyder. com. Web. 03 May 2012. ;http://www. edgarsnyder. com/fender bender/phone/insights. html;. Marquez, Cesar. â€Å"Negative Aspects of Text Messaging. â€Å" Step by step instructions to refer to Cellphones Should Be Banned, Essay models

Effects of GABA on Anxiety Disorder

Impacts of GABA on Anxiety Disorder Catchphrases: Anxiety, Moringa pudding, HIV/AIDS, GABA. Indonesias first instance of HIV was accounted for in 1987 and among at that point and 2009, 3,492 individuals kicked the bucket from the ailment (Fred, 2012). Of the 11,856 cases detailed in 2008, 6,962 of them were individuals under 30 years old, including 55 newborn children under 1 year old (Seligson and Peterson, 2010). There are a high number of concentrated cases among Indonesias most in danger including infusion tranquilize clients (IDUs), sex laborers their accomplices and customers, gay men and newborn children who contract the ailment through the belly or from being bosom taken care of (Chris, 2012). Over the most recent 15 years, HIV/AIDS has gotten a pestilence in Indonesia. The most noteworthy focus regions are Papua, Jakarta, East Java, West Java, Bali and Riau and all are viewed as zones that need prompt consideration. Because of the expanding number of IDUs, the quantity of new contaminations has developed quickly since 1999. Additionally, a summed up pestilence is as of now under route in the regions of Papua and West Papua, where a populace based overview found a grown-up pervasiveness pace of 2.4% in 2006 (Broman, 2009). An astounding 48% of Papuans are unconscious of HIV/AIDS, and the quantity of AIDS cases per 100,000 individuals in the two areas is very nearly multiple times the national normal. The level of individuals who detailed being unconscious of HIV/AIDS increments to 74% among uneducated populaces in the area (Braet et al., 2007). (The pestilence in Indonesia is one of the quickest developing among HIV/AIDS in Asia. The pestilence of infusing drug use keeps on being the essential method of transmission, representing 59% of HIV contaminations, and hetero transmission represented 41% in 2006. As indicated by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, late reviews report that over 40% of IDUs in Jakarta have tried positive for HIV, and about 13% tried positive in West Java. Numerous IDUs offer sex to back their medication propensities. However in 2005, 25% of IDUs in Bandung, Jakarta, and Medan said they had unprotected paid sex over the most recent a year (Baxter, 2010). The Indonesian archipelago extends in excess of 3,000 miles along the Equator. Social practices and levels of urbanization affect the HIV/AIDS pandemic (Fredrickson et al., 2008). For example, a culture of paid and value-based sex among youngsters and ladies matured 15 to 24 has been a driving variable in Papua. Among 15 to multi year olds, HIV-pervasiveness rates were 3% in 2006, as per the Ministry of Health (Hunter and . Commonness rates among sex laborers in East Javas major urban regions extended from 9% in Surabaya to 16% in Malang and Probolinggo in 2004 (Haruddin, 2012). Various elements put Indonesia at risk for a more extensive plague. Dangerous sexual practices are normal. Just 54.7% of sex laborers and 56.5% of men who engage in sexual relations with men (MSM) use condoms reliably, and simply 18.5 percent of IDUs reliably utilize both sterile needles and condoms, as indicated by Indonesias 2006 report to the United Nations General Assembly Special Meeting on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS). Numerous IDUs are likewise sex laborers or customers of sex laborers, improving the probability of HIV/AIDS spreading to everybody. Attention to HIV status among in danger populaces is low. As per a 2004-2005 investigation refered to in the UNGASS report, 18.1% of IDUs, 15.4% of MSM, 14.8% of sex laborers, and 3.3% of customers of sex laborers had gotten HIV testing in the past a year and realized their test outcomes (Hoshi et al., 2007). Shame and segregation endure and numerous individuals living with HIV shroud their status inspired by a paranoid fear of losing their positions, economic wellbeing, and the help of their families and networks, along these lines diminishing the probability that they will get appropriate treatment and expanding the odds of HIV spreading undetected. Sentiments of uneasiness are a typical, sound reaction to the analysis, beginning, or movement of HIV disease (Daniel et al., 2009). In any case, its imperative to perceive the distinction between this kind of tension and the sort that flags a clinical issue. HIV itself doesn't cause tension issue, however HIV+ individuals will in general experience more nervousness than everyone. Certain drugs used to treat HIV can likewise cause uneasiness indications. Luckily, nervousness issue are among the most treatable of mental conditions, and react well to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment (Phillipe and Cella, 2009). Among HIV/AIDS-tainted patients accepting clinical consideration, 20.3% have been found to have a nervousness issue, with 12.3% gathering the rules for alarm issue, 10.4% for PTSD, and 2.8% having summed up uneasiness issue (Nevid, 2012). Individuals living with HIV can encounter indications of nervousness over the range of uneasiness issue. Modification issue is the most well-known mental issue that shows as uneasiness, and is regular in the wake of getting a HIV analysis (Gropen et al., 2011). The other significant sorts of tension issue are alarm issue and agoraphobia, social fear and different fears, fanatical habitual issue (OCD), post horrendous pressure issue (PTSD), summed up uneasiness issue (GAD), intense pressure issue and nervousness issue because of a general ailment (McDowell and Newell, 1999). HIV+ individuals experience some uneasiness issue, for example, OCD, no more habitually than the individuals who don't have the infection (Post and White, 2004). Be that as it may, the experience of having HIV can provoke or compound different issue, for example, PTSD, particularly when somebody has a hidden hazard for them. Tension can introduce in an assortment of ways, including brevity of breath, chest torment, hustling heart, discombobulation, deadness or shivering, queasiness or the impression of gagging. When there are no fundamental clinical clarifications for these manifestations, clinicians are encouraged to consider a tension issue as the reason (Ruggert and Warner, 2001). Tension issue can appear to erupt at key minutes in the experience of HIV sickness, for example, at the hour of introductory HIV determination, analysis with a pioneering disease, a declining CD4 include or a blip in viral burden, or some other token of continuous HIV contamination. Its accommodating to perceive that these encounters may trigger uneasiness, even side effects of frenzy issue and sadness, for a HIV+ individual. Other than the distress of uneasiness issue, they can meddle in a HIV+ people generally speaking accomplishment in overseeing HIV since they are a significant reason for nonadherence to medicine (Post and White, 2004). There is a principle question What are fitting medicines for a HIV+ individual experiencing a nervousness issue. Tension is depicted as a mood worried about future in relationship with groundwork for conceivable, up and coming bothersome happenings. The current treatment for the turmoil is having a great deal of reactions. An operator with great helpful impact and less symptoms is required for the treatment of uneasiness. State Hospital of Waluyo Jati has discovered a development through Nutri Moringa Pudding on diminishing of tension level in HIV/AIDS-tainted patients. To explore the Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) concentrate of Moringa oleifera Pudding in HIV/AIDS-tainted patients. It appeared by measurement result by matched example t-test (SPSS) t. 0.0008, it implies P The exploration subject is dictated by the purposive testing and it was directed on HIV/AIDS understanding. A pretest with the nerves scale (Nevid, 2012) trailed by first gathering (n=50), at that point chosen an example that has the most noteworthy nervousness score (n=30) and they will be the subjects and treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding for seven days. Post-test be held seven days after treated. Fixed timetable of moringa pudding utilization be completed 3 times each day.   nonR 01 à ¯Ã¦'â (x) à ¯Ã¦'â 02 The Anxiety Scale by Nevid input structure comprises of 30 vignette like inquiries intended to rate 3 perspectives, for example, passionate, psychological, and physiologic of subjects regarding seriousness and job in the center character. The inquiries are grouped in framework position across three center character types, to be specific Types A, B, and C. By referencing the quality of scores identified with their sort space attributes, the feasible triggers and articulations of maladaptive conduct is recognized, which can be applied to an assortment of settings and targets. The grid structure and related attributes are delineated in Diagram 1 underneath. Tabel-1. Nervousness Scale Thing Scale Positive Horrible Conversation There Anxiety issue are a genuine worry for HIV+ individuals who dont have great adapting methodologies and a solid social encouraging group of people, for example, family, companions, or a confidence network. People with a background marked by misuse physical, sexual, passionate are bound to have a nervousness issue (Daniels, 2010) Individuals who have uncertain distress, whatever the source, ought to be screened for nervousness. Those with an individual or family ancestry of nervousness issue additionally are at higher hazard for creating them. An individual with HIV who seems to have side effects of a nervousness issue ought to be given a careful clinical assessment that incorporates taking a background marked by uneasiness side effects to decide beginning, recurrence, and seriousness/tension scale (Strongman, 2012). The talking clinician should get some information about upsetting life occasions, family ancestry, medication and liquor use (over a wide span of time), and any meds the patient is taking (Lee, 2008). Kennedy et al. (2010) explainded that a total analytic assessment incorporates testing thyroid, liver, and kidney work, and assessing for other mental issue related with comorbid uneasiness (e.g., wretchedness). Certain neuropsychiatric issue that are basic in individuals with cutting edge HIV illness (AIDS) must be precluded before diagnosing tension, especially HIV-related dementia which can incorporate uneasiness. Wooziness additionally normally includes uneasiness and unsettling. Its particularly imperative to treat the daze and abstain from utilizing against uneasiness drugs, which can have seriou

Management Control System Definition, Characteristics and More

Management Control System â€" Definition, Characteristics and More If you’d have to name a single function in the organization that can make or break it, you might mention management. The control of the operations and the people behind them is what management is about and it can be a tougher task than many imagine.So, what could make it easier and guarantee results that are more effective? According to a number of proponents, management control systems can help provide plenty of benefits to organizations of all shapes and sizes.What are these management control systems? Let’s examine the definition, the function, the characteristics and the benefits of it. We’ll also venture a little into the implementation process and the factors that can help or hinder when applying the system to your organization. DEFINING MANAGEMENT, SYSTEMS AND CONTROLOne of the best ways to understand management control systems or MCS is by examining the different components that make it. The concept is built on three distinct elements: management, systems and control.ManagementAs you know, management is about organizing people and processes in a manner that helps the organization achieve specific objectives. The management process wants to ensure different parts work together to attain these goals.How can this be done? Well, this in most instances means dealing with different resources and allocating them to correct roles and purposes. Management includes guidance and monitoring of these resources as well. You are essentially managing how other people perform a specific role and use resources, instead of doing it yourself. As a manager, you are essentially a facilitator â€" if A needs to be done, you find B to do it and provide him the strategy and the resources to do it.OK, so that explains the core conce pt, but what about the functions of management? You need to identify and understand the key components of management as well. The first component is the different functions of management. The definitions can be different depending on the situation, but generally, five functions are identified as the core functions of management. These are planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. You can watch the YouTube clip below to learn more about the functions and the specific processes they entail. The other key part of management is the resource types it entails. The most common forms of resourcing include: human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources. You could use the above functions to allocate, control and monitor the different forms of resources. In essence, you are combining the functions you have at hand â€" planning, staffing and so on â€" with the resources, such as financial resources. The clearest example is having the functio n of staffing and using the human resource funding to hire in new staff.The definition of management in the context of MCS is important because of how organizations can be viewed. Think of an organization as a system. Now the role of management is therefore facilitating the production of beneficial outcomes from the system. If you want the system, i.e. the organization, to produce a result A, you use management to gather the resources, i.e. the human and other resources, to guarantee A gets done. You are essentially the engine, which gathers the other parts together to move the car forward.SystemsWhat about systems? As mentioned above, you can view organizations as systems. The Business Dictionary gives two definitions to systems, which are both good to understand in the context of MCS. Systems are:“a set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem”or you could view them as:“an organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements”The key to systems, especially in the case of MSCs, is the structure of which they are formed and often perform. Every system comes with input, output and feedback mechanism. The system is able to maintain itself even when the surroundings are changing and it has a specific set of boundaries within which is operates. The picture here illustrates the idea of a system in a business context perfectly.You have an input, the business system and the output. You also have the feedback mechanism. The business system would be the strategy the business uses to create a specific output. If the output is to provide cheap shoes, the business strategy is manufacturing of the shoes with the specific elements this entails.The input, therefore, is the resources (materials, labor, equipment) you need to achieve the output. So, you take the resources, you implement them with your chosen strategy and you get the results. The results then provide feedback to inputs on the performance of the system. Perhaps you didn’t receive as many shoes as you wanted and so, you can increase input. For example, buy more materials, hire more people and so on. Source: Based on SlideShare presentation by Paul TurnerThe objective of the system is to achieve a pre-determined result each time it is executed.In a business environment, the sale process can be viewed as an example of the process. The organization has a set of policies and processes in place to guarantee the sale effort would always lead to a same result (i.e. the sale). As mentioned in the above section, management would be one of the methods used to guarantee the result occurs in the system each time.In the case of the example above, your pre-determined result might be to have 1,000 good quality shoes with an individual shoe costing $50 to make. The feedback might show you that occasionally the cost of shoes rises to $70 and you know you need to tweak the input or the processes you use, as you’ve deviated from the wanted results.ControlFinally, you have the concept of control. As stated above, control is one of the functions of management. In this context, it refers to the pro cess of analysis and corrective action. When controlling, you are essentially monitoring whether you are receiving an expected result of a process (or during it) or if the outcome deviates from the expectation.If there is a deviation, you take corrective action to ensure the expected results occur. Previously, the concept of control was mainly focused on correction after an error had occurred. In the example of the shoe production, you would notice there was a deviation when you count the shoes and instead of getting 1,000, you’ve made 999.But with the rise of modern technology, control can be used to foreseeing an error. This has changed the function and made it increasingly important part of the management process. For example, your shoe production facility might have monitoring systems that help you realize the shoes are not being finalized as quickly as they should in order to make 1,000 pairs. You are essentially able to see that you would encounter a problem; instead of just realizing a problem has occurred.If you consider the process in the forms of steps, control in relation to management would look like this:Setting a goal and establishing desired objectives.â€" “I want to create 1,000 pairs of shoes in a month.”Measuring the achievements of goals and objectives.â€" “I’ve made 999 pairs of shoes in a month.”Comparing the achieved goals and objectives with the original goals and objectives. â€" “I wanted 1,000 and I got 999. I wanted to do it in a month and I’ve spent a month.”Analyzing variances and reporting on them. Determining the underlying causes for the variations.â€" “I’m one pair of shoes short, but I’ve met the deadline. I did not have enough materials on day two and I got behind in my goals.”Taking corrective action to eliminate the variations.â€" “I’ve recalculated the requirements for fabrics and I’ve ordered enough for next month.”Following up and repeating the process.â€" “I’ve now created the right amount of shoes every month.”WHAT IS A MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM?The above has hopefully started your mind to process the concept of MCS, as you are aware of the special meaning and interconnectedness of the specific concepts that make it. But let’s look a bit closer to what MCSs are and how they are defined in the modern context.One of the first definitions of MCSs is from 1972 when Ernest Anthony Lowe, professor at the University of Sheffield, published an article called On the Idea of a Management Control System. According to Anthony Lowe, an organization would need to establish a specific system to control and plan the different operations it is going through. He identified four reasons for the necessity of the systematic management control:All organisations have definable organisational objectives.Management has hierarchy, with managers being in sub-units. Each manager has to define personal goals, which are aligned with the organisation’s objectives.Organisational situat ions, together with human behaviour, create an uncertain situation and this uncertainty is present in internal and external circumstances.Objectives must be economised and the human endeavour must be a variable in these objectives.Anthony Lowe also described in his book how management control systems are the processes “by which managers ensure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the organizations objectives“. Nonetheless, he felt the MCS to be different from strategic planning or the operational control businesses conduct.In essence, while strategic planning is about giving your organization the direction in which it should go, and operational control provides the management the authority to perform the strategic functions, MCS is about ensuring the above two happen in the first place. Without proper MCS in place, you don’t know if the business can achieve its goals and if the strategies you’ve chosen will work according to plan. You might notice a pattern here: the management control system is about providing the check and balances to the system.Other theorists began building on top of Anthony Lowe’s writings. Horngreen, Datar and Foster have defined MSCs “as means of gathering and using information to aid and coordinate the process of making planning and control decisions throughout the organization and to guide the behavior of its managers and employees”.Essentially what they are saying is that a management control system is a tool businesses can use to measure its performance and to compare its desired objectives against its actual objectives. By establishing a management control system, the business makes it easier to align individual decision making with the larger organizational objectives. The system is rather comprehensive, creating a framework in which not only are the internal aspects controlled and monitored, but the external behaviors and environments are also looked after.An exam ple of both would be the control of internal actors such as accounting and human resources as an internal factor, with external changes represented by industry developments like new regulations for products. At this point it must be said that theorist don’t always agree on the definitive definition of MCSs. If you are looking for a quick, few sentences, you probably won’t have much luck. While the concept in the broader sense is clearly outlined, the finer definitions can be muddled.So, what can you actually do with such as system? It essentially allows you to perform the following functions:Document operational objectives â€" You are able to outline what the organization wants to achieve in terms of short- and long-term goals. This could be directly related to financial performance, but it could also entail social objectives such as waste reduction, for example.Document the operational strategies and policies  â€" Of course, you also need to ensure you are aware of the how. How will you achieve the above? You will need to document the policies in place in the organization, the different equipment and resources needed, and the strategies you implement. This could deal with things like employee management (salary, working hours, etc.)Assess the performance of organizational processes â€" You then need the tools to assess the performance of what you are trying to achieve and how. This includes gathering information from different sources, whether financial or non-financial. We’ll look at these more in the next section. At this point you are looking closer to the organization and checking what it is doing and how. You are detailing and outlining what the result of your policies and strategies are.Compare performance in relation to the objectives and policies â€" Finally, you compare the actual performance to the objectives you set at the start. You can clearly notice this is the essence of the business system. You have the structures in place, you add the r esources, and you see what the result is, after which you can check what you got in comparison to what you wanted to get. Another great analogy would be cooking food with an oven. Consider you want to make a crispy baked potato. You take the input (the potatoes) and you use the strategies (oiling the potato, adding salt, putting it into the oven for a set amount of time). You take out the baked potato and you check if you have the right result (is it crispy?).THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMSSo, you now can understand the functions of MCS and the purpose of the system, but what about the characteristics? What makes something a management control system?As the above showed, MCSs generally describe the design, installation and operation of different planning and control frameworks within management. But there are two distinct control systems within the concept. While these are different from each other, they are also interrelated and sometimes hard to separate from eac h other.First, the MCS refers to the structure, either organizational or the relationship of different components, of the different responsibility structures within the company. It further outlines the performance measures and how the information moves within and between the different responsibility structures. For example, in a complex and large organization, such as a production facility for creating different car parts, the responsibility would be divided into multiple units. The management would therefore be in charge of different aspects of the organization, and there would be a number of sub-units. On the other hand, a small business, like a family bakery, is unlikely to have many responsibility centers. MCSs core characteristic is the organizing and planning of the relationship between these different structures and centers of responsibility.The other core characteristic, on the other hand, is about the processes or set of activities the organization takes in order to achieve its objectives. This part of the system refers to the steps the organization, and especially its management, needs to perform in order to set objectives, allocate resources to achieving these objectives, and to achieve the objective. The different processes that MCS performs and monitors is essentially looking at these phases and creating the right ways of going about the processes. This could involve things like monitoring the budgeting, measuring the performance of subordinates and so on.Essentially, the first characteristic is about the structure of the MCS and the second characteristic refers to the processes. To understand it, you can consider it like this:The system’s design is about the structure of your management control system.The system’s performance is an indicator of the process of your management control system.The other key thing to realize about the characteristics of MCSs is about two separate natures the system has. MCS essentially has an informal and a formal control system. Let’s examine them in detail:Formal control systemInformal control systemThe organization has clear procedures, rules and guidelines in place to explain the different managerial requirements. These guide, motivate and direct the management, as well as the subordinates, to perform their tasks in a manner that helps achieve the operational goals. They are also used to co-ordinate behaviors of superiors and subordinates.The organization will also have informal and unwritten processes in place for management control. These are aimed to provide higher motivation amongst the employees and ensure organizational goals and strategies are appropriately implemented. Informal control systems also boost goal congruence.An example of a formal system would be the rules and guidelines used by the human resource department in terms of functions such as hiring and developing staff.An example of informal control system would be the good behavior expected from managers and subordinat es, such as loyalty towards the organization and respect of the organizational culture.Finally, you should notice the distinction between financial-based functions and non-financial functions. Most of MCSs are actually use accounting and other financial metrics as the key evaluation metric. This means you have an emphasis on financial measures, such as how many sales were made or what it cost to hire a new person.The reason for using these as the basis is rather obvious. Measuring performance with a real data set, such as a financial metric, is easy and straightforward. The management can tell a lot about performance by understanding the underlying financial factors of a specific behavior. If you were to sell 1,000 pairs of shoes, while your other peers sold only 400, the manager would want to focus on your specific behaviors to boost overall performance.But there are certain essential non-financial factors at play as well. These can be measured with surveys and other feedback forms , and they include things such as customer satisfaction and product quality. The management can learn more, improve planning, and enhance control with information they receive directly from the customers. What makes them happy? What has disappointed them in the past?Knowing, for instance, how customers continuously complain about waiting times will help the management direct the organizations resources much better. The other example of these non-financial functions of MCS would be product quality. This can be an important tool for managers, as it reveals how well certain development strategies are working. If your products are constantly breaking down, you can take corrective action and find out where in the production line the quality is compromised.CORE ELEMENTS OF IMPLEMENTING MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMSNow if you were to implement an MCS at your organization, you would, just as with most systems and strategies, need to focus on certain essential factors to guarantee efficiency. F or MCS, three core elements can determine the success and the effectiveness of this framework. They should be at the heart of your strategy from the start. The three are:The MCS is aligned with the organizations strategies and goals. Before the implementation of the system, you need to understand and outline the current strategies in use, as well as define the objectives the organization wants to fulfill. These need to be the overall operational goals and not simply the aims you have for the MCS. It’s crucial to ensure the framework you choose to implement is in harmony with these existing processes and objectives. If the processes are not aligned, then your MCS will end up being ineffective or insufficient for your needs. It’s important to understand that the implementation of the system does not require the organization to change its core policies or redirect its objectives, but that the system can be made to fit within the current system.MCS is not there to transform the orga nization, but ensure it operates with maximum efficiency!Designed to fit the organizational structure. Furthermore, the MCS must consider the current organizational structure carefully. You want the management control system to fit the how the company operates and how it has structured these operations, especially in terms of its management. The key part of this is the understanding of the decision-making structures currently in place. It’s essential to create a management control system, which understands these decision-making structures and enhances them, instead of turning them around or hindering them. This can easily be done through the study of management structures and aligning the new model by dividing the responsibilities according to these structures. The control shouldn’t shift from the current models; it just will become more focused under the new system.Motivate people through different reward systems. The final key element of the implementation should be focused on the reward structures you will use as part of MCS. The idea of the system is about motivating the managers, as well as the subordinates, to work towards attaining the organizational goals in place. The effectiveness of the motivation can be improved by tying a variety of rewards to the achievement of these goals. The rewards themselves can change and include a variety of different types, depending on the task achieved or the performance the person displays. They can be purely monetary rewards, such as bonuses or increases in salary, or have a more material benefit, such as access to gyms or health clubs or updates on tools and other equipment. Furthermore, you should also have clear promotional structures in place to reward and motivate those people that show the highest productivity and creativity.Later in the article, we’ll discuss some of the other factors that influence the implementation of MCS. But the above are the elements you need to focus on when applying the system wit hin your organizations and the key factors, which can guarantee a successful implementation. If you focus on the above factors during the implementation process, you can start enjoying some of the benefits management control systems provide for organizations.THE BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMSSo what about the benefits? What are the tangible reasons for using MCSs? The benefits of implementing the framework focus largely on different ways operational efficiency is enhanced and improved.First, implementation of an MCS can reduce risks. The organization will remove non-conformity by ensuring the actual performance and results relate to the main objectives of the organization. The organization doesn’t just set goals and then pursue them blindly, but has systems in place to ensure the processes are moving the organization towards the objectives.Since you are aware of the effectiveness of your systems, you can notice problems quicker. You reduce risk as you notice problems befor e they turn into a disaster. Consider you are aiming to boost sales to increase the organizations bottom line. Due to having an Management Control System in place, you’ll be alerted if the cost of production goes up and the targets become harder to obtain.In even simpler turns, imagine you are driving down the road. Now if your car just stops suddenly because it ran out of fuel, you are in trouble and you didn’t have a warning system in place. On the other hand, if you have a system in place monitoring your fuel levels, you can have an alarm notify you when you are running low on fuel. This allows you to take corrective action (find a gas station), before you are stuck on the side of the road.The framework also improves your organizations ability to plan future actions. The information flows faster under the MCS system, as each part of the organizations process is being monitored and analyzed. The enhanced information flow makes it easier to plan and organize future processes an d ensure objectives are set properly.Without the kind of information MSC provides, you would find long-term planning difficult, as you wouldn’t have the right facts or the control to guarantee you are aware of the current situation and on top of future predictions. In the car example, knowing how much fuel you have in each moment and the distance you need to travel, will make it easier to plan when you need to stop to refuel.Organizational efficiency also improves in the form of better facilitation of co-ordination. For any business to succeed, a good communication between the management and other parts of the business is the key. With MSC in place, the workers, their tasks and objectives are aligned with the management’s tasks and objectives.The control systems in place create a middleman between the management and the employees and feeds information to both directions. As you, the manager, become more aware that sales numbers are increasing due to a specific result, you can us e the information to tweak and perfect the system further. On the other hand, this also improves employee motivation and gives them feedback on the things they are doing right.MSC naturally provides benefits in a pure managerial point of view. The first is how managerial problems are much easier to notice. Each organization will face problems related to the other managerial functions of planning, staffing and organizing, but with a proper control system in place, the impact of these can be limited. You gain more information, you receive early notifications when the management is not working to its standard, and you are able to remedy the situation before it gets worse.Furthermore, supervision becomes much easier under the systematic control system, since the deviations are easier to spot. The data and information you receive as a manager will make it easier to notice the issues, instead of having to monitor each employee constantly. Supervision is smoother and more focused on spotti ng the actual problems and deviations in the system.Finally, MCS supports organizational decentralization, without the loss of control. The system creates an environment of knowledge and understanding of the objectives. A key part of the framework is the proper communication of the goals and policies in place to subordinates. Since the subordinates and lower level managers are on top of the current situation and are fully aware of the expectations, they can have more confidence in doing the right things.Since the framework doesn’t require constant monitoring by the manager, the subordinates are able to make decisions and solve problems on their own. The motivation and the belief to know you can do it is much deeper under the system, since you know the MSC will pick up any key deviations and help you correct them.ELEMENTS INFLUENCING MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMSSo, we talked about the key factors to focus when implementing the system, but it’s also a good idea to figure out the ele ments that have an impact on the implementation. These are essentially the elements that make MCS work for your organizations benefit and smoothen the process. You want to focus on these factors, as they can impact the cost of implementation and the effectiveness of it. There are four key factors to look out for:The size, the reach and the structure of the organization. Larger enterprises are naturally different to smaller organizations in terms of operations. The nature of control and the content specifics of the MCS. The larger the enterprise, the more complex the MCS will be. Each organization also has its own statutes and conventions, which need to be taken into account when implementing the system. The management philosophy of McDonald’s will be different to that of Apple. The difference might also be even steeped when you have a small family business or a large international corporation. The organization will also have its unique delegation and decentralization strategies in place, which must be considered as an influence on the MCS.The nature of the operations and their divisibility. Management is influenced by the nature of the operations it is supposed to manage and this will impact the implementation of MCS. Part of the nature of operations deals with their divisibility into sub-sections. Depending on the industry, you might not have a lot of division. For example, if you are working on a single product industry, such as oil, sub-units are relatively unimportant. The management of the production and the product cannot, therefore, be divided into a variety of sub-sections. The less divisibility there is, the different the MCS process will be.The variety of responsibilities within the organization. MCS is also driven by the different responsibility centres an organization might have. The more responsibilities, the more different control systems are needed to keep operations flowing. Control of different responsibilities in terms of results can vary. You might measure the success by expenses, profitability or return on investment. MCS need to be implemented with the specific criteria of performance in mind and therefore, the variety of these responsibilities will be a key determining factor.The people of the organization and their perceptions. The final factor influencing the implementation of MCS deals with the people within the organization. People’s perceptions of the MCS need to be taken into account and considered before you implement the framework. Different people might have a varying view in terms of the effect the system has on their work, job satisfaction and security, and the general well-being and motivation to perform tasks. The perceptions might change from department to department, but understanding them will help ensure the system has the right impact. When you are designing MCS and implementing the system, consideration of these perceptions can help you monitor performance, implement the right type of system, and ensure people’s perceptions are either fulfilled, if positive, or changed around, if negative.In broader terms, effective control systems have a broad variety of factors that are required for successful implementation. When you are implementing a management control system, you should also keep those in mind. The below video clip is a good summary of the essentials of functional and effective control systems. FINAL THOUGHTSTo recap the above, management control systems are designed to gather information and to use this information in order to help the organization to reach its objectives. The system focuses on the performance of the different organizational elements from human performance to financial performance.The informal and formal MCSs will ensure the organizations resources perform as efficiently as possible. Whether it’s about finding ways to cut down production cost through performance or ensuring your employees don’t suffer from burnout, an MCS will help direct re sources into the right places and monitor performance level.The system can provide real benefits to organizational efficiency â€" you are more able to notice problems, plan your strategies and ensure better co-ordination amongst the different departments and units. Not to mention it can make the world of management easier.We all know how hard it can be to be a manager, but with an MCS, your workload is reduced, you’ll become better at communicating and controlling the different functions, and you can ensure other people take responsibility to get things done. Management control systems smoothening out the process of being a manager and anything that boosts performance is a good thing!

Book Review A women Doing Life - 936 Words

A women doing life is a book that talks openly about women in prison. The author of the book who is also an inmate is known as Erin George. She explains vividly about women life in prison and what she was going through as an inmate. The book also gives other stories about other female inmates. The book presents a realistic of what women goes through on daily basis in prison. The issues addressed are both physical and psychological challenges. She talks on behalf of those women facing challenges on daily basis in prison. The books explain life events that tragic and heartbreaking those changes later to be uplifting and humorous. She gives a story of how she is able to cope and manage in hard situations. The women’s humanity inside the†¦show more content†¦This was not similar with many people outside her family who openly showed her how they rejected her music tastes. Dawes explains the critics she got from other blacks who accused her of living like the whites since she had a liking for white’s bands such as The Violent Flame and The Clash. She had emotional attachment to music as she describes in the book. Before globalization and invention of internet technology, she worked hand to ensure she access the kind of music that she found pleasing unlike other kinds of music that other people liked listening to. Her interest led him to become a music journalist, which was a great success to her music interest which resulted in writing of this book. The book contains Dawes’ personal bibliography, an analysis of the culture of the blacks in a perspective of political history, and heavy metal artists especially the black females. The author explains in the chapter, So You Think You’re White? Explains how black people who have interest in white culture have questions about their own culture. The author states that â€Å"That parochial blackness is dangerous as hell. It steals your joy.† It is well explained in the book about what results into parochial blackness. The black people are intact with their traditions and culture to be able to survive and empower themselves. The authors writes, black people grouped as weak people in the era of civil war. They lobby for political and socialShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mary Wollstonecraft: A Radical Englishwoman1273 Words   |  6 PagesEnglishwoman Mary Wollstonecraft lived in a time where women had no right to vote, no right to education beyond what their mother or governess taught them, and basically no right to individuality or an opinion. They were considered possessions and virtually had no mind of their own. She realized that this was a problem of society and openly voiced her opinions on the matter. She wrote the book A Vindication of the Rights of Women in response to a literary response to the societys so-calledRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers : Women During The Struggle For America s Independence By Carol Berkin1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction A critical analysis entails the review of the book Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the struggle for America’s independence by Carol Berkin. This comprised of details on women who had been involved in struggling to fulfill the independence of America. Women played their role at facing or creating impact towards the war. This outlines on myriad of women,s lives as well as getting to know the obstacles that they encountered during the war. This aids in bringing out the idea that not onlyRead MoreThe Book Inheritance By Lorena Garza Gonzalez Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pages Inheritance Book Review Paper Latino Child and Family Development Child and Family Studies 4300 Anjelica Montesdeoca Weber State University Inheritance Book Review The book Inheritance by Lorena Garza Gonzalez with Lisa Trevino Cummins was an interesting book to read. The authors focused on the richness of the Latino culture and family. The book consisted of many short stories of the memories the authors had while growing up. The memories they shared had an important meaningRead MoreThe Help Is A 2011 American Period Drama Film Directed By Tate Taylor1340 Words   |  6 PagesMississippi. 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Parable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler - 1261 Words

In the book, Parable of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler, it presents a perfect example of a Survival of the fittest lifestyle. Only the best, the smarter, and the stronger ones, is able to survive, while the weaker individuals will be killed or dead. Lauren Olamina, the main character and her group travels towards the north by finding freedom. Many people did not have the mindset to be as strong as Lauren to survive, but she was extremely careful. She has always looked out for potential enemies wanting to harm or kill, but she was also creating allies to build her Earthseed community. Lauren, a fifteen-year-old female, who is self-sufficient, influential, and independent. She envisions the future by planning for possible dangers, learns how to survive out of her gated community, takes initiative of her life, creates an emergency pack, and is well-prepared to leave in any circumstances. Lauren is also tremendously mature for her age. She knows how to read and write, cook and sew, able to shoot guns, and is a potential leader. In Lauren’s diary entries, she would write down her Earthseed poetry. She created her own religion based on her observations, which she calls the Earthseed religion. She believes that humans can create a sense of community where they can rely on each other. Human beings are the seeds to bloom and grow into full grown flowers. She believes that if human beings are able to adapt to change, they will be able to create new and reliable community. In aShow MoreRelatedParables Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novel Parables of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler earth’s current day issue of global warming has taken a turn for the worst, thus leaving many parts of the world severely depleted of usable water and years without rain. â€Å"It’s raining†¦ ‘well we have wind’, Cory said. ‘Wind and maybe a few drops of rain, or maybe just a little cool weather. That would be welcome. It’s all we’ll get.’That’s all there has been for six years† (butler 47). Is Octavia E. Butler novel Parables of the Sower predictingRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley And Parable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And the Destiny of Earthseed is to take root among the stars.† (Butler 77) The books â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler are both science fiction novels warning of a dangerous potential future. Frankenstein looks at the dangers of creating artificially intelligent beings, while Parable of the Sower explores human savagery in the collapse of American civilization as the result of poor political decisions. Each addresses concerns of the time they were publishedRead MoreThe Tradition in Octavia E. Butler ´s Parable of the Sower Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesIn Octavia E. 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The effect of a net economy Free Essays

In order to arrive at a better understanding of what a net-economy is and how it stresses the relevance of software, it is first important to discuss the concept of a net-economy.   Net-economy is basically defined as a digital network that allows for the transfer of information from one source to another. This transfer has a value that then creates its own economy that takes advantage of the different electronic platforms that exist between parties. We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of a net economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now    It is also an economy that takes advantage of the development of information technology.   This brief discourse shall attempt to highlight the relevance of software in this growing economy and how it has changed the way by which business is conducted by shifting from people based focus to software dependent methods. The effect of a net economy can be seen clearly through the impact that the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry has had on certain economies. The reason for this is that BPOs have opened up the world markets and has shown that, according to Friedman, there really is a flat world that allows the factors of production, in this instance information, to flow from one part of the world to another.   In his book entitled The Flat World, Friedman has cited the information exchange and the net-economy as one of the major forces that is currently changing the way businesses are run on a global level. This recognition of the net-economy has now stressed the importance of software to its success.   As Friedman elaborates, the impact of this is that software or the means through which information is transferred becomes more important than the people. The success of the net-economy is now dependent on the speed and velocity by which information can be processed from the source to the market.   Presently, most of the companies that are based in 1st World Countries that are engaged in IT require specialized talent, which can be found in other developing countries, in order to function. The depletion of talented individuals and workers is now forcing these companies to search for the required technical assistance in other talent rich countries located outside of the developed countries such the United States, such as India and China.   Without software, there is no way by which this information or talent can be accessed, it becomes increasingly important, therefore, to ensure that there is enough software to support the net-economy. The main contribution or impact that software has had with regard to the economic aspect is that the net-economy has greatly increased the relative wages that individuals now receive with those engaged in the IT sector earning relatively more in the present than ever. The salary range for programmers in other countries is significantly lower than that of most developed countries with a higher standard of living and therefore even by relocating the entire business process to other countries and factoring in the movement costs and expenses, the companies that resort to outsourcing still save more than they would if they chose to continue all business operations in the developed countries. This means that people as a cost of doing business is a factor that can be changed and is now variable.   This also signifies that software development is quite integral to this process because it allows businesses to relocate the variable factors without a decrease in productivity. In a very serious, competitive environment, companies have to concentrate on their core competency and they want to outsource everything and reduce cost and therefore the world is seeing the trend toward offshore outsourcing increasing. As technology continues to improve and the business world becomes more and more competitive, the growing role of a net-economy becomes crucial.   Yet in order for the net-economy to take full advantage of the situation it needs to lay the infrastructure for such which lies in the information technology development and software. The promise of increased velocity for information transfer between business units and lower costs can only be achieved with the establishment and creation of this technology backbone.   Therefore, while people, as a business resource, are important, in a net-economy the key to survival and to remaining competitive lies in the software. How to cite The effect of a net economy, Papers

The Components of Speech and Language an Example of the Topic School by

The Components of Speech and Language Language is a system of rules employed by humans in communication to convey and share thoughts, emotions and ideas. Language is the capacity to comprehend what is heard and the expression of notions by use of words through speech, signing, gestures, eye blinks or writing. The brain assists in the development of language as well as in its interpretation. Need essay sample on "The Components of Speech and Language" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Language is composed of various elements namely: semantics, syntax, phonology, morphology and pragmatics. Phonology is the study of language speech structures, simple speech unit models and established pronunciation conventions. Phonemes are the basic sounds that constitute a language. For instance, that consists of three phonemes: th, a,t. The study of basic units of meaning is called morphemes. Morphemes comprise of foundation words like hat, love and dog as well as affixes like un-, and re-, past tense as in ed and plurals like s and es. Morphology is crucial in language development and signifies basic structural blocks for understanding. Syntax involves the study of the dynamics of combination of words with their smallest significant units to develop sentences. Comprehension of syntax makes one understand that the following differently-ordered sentences imply the same idea although they are of differing complexity: The boy hit the ball and The ball was hit by the boy. The sentence I went to the store is correct; but to the store I went is not grammatically acceptable (Ritzman, Sanger, 2006, p.265). Semantics is how a language delivers meaning. Semantics is culture-specific and goes beyond literal meanings of words. Knowledge of semantics informs one that being green with envy doesnt imply color change. Pragmatics refers to how communicators attain their goals by use of language. Different audiences call for different speech patterns; for instance, conversation styles when dealing with parents, friends, toddlers and siblings differ. Language development is very intense in the initial three years of human development when the brain is enlarging and maturing. Language skills develop best in environments with various sounds, images and continuous exposure to the language and speech of other persons. The maturing brain can absorb any language during this critical period. Initial signs of communication are manifest in the initial few days when an infant realizes that a cry will induce provision of food, company of comfort. The infant starts to identify crucial sounds in their environment. As they develop, infants begin to distinguish speech sounds (phonemes) or structural blocks that constitute words. At six months majority of infants can identify principal sounds of their local language (Murata, 2000, p.524). An infant can make inhibited sounds with the maturation of the speech structures; lips, jaw, tongue and voice. The initial months witness cooing - a quiet, appealing, recurring vocalization. At six months, the infant can repeatedly utter syllables like da, da or ba, ba. This babbling develops into an incomprehensible jargon having the quality and rhythm of human speech but devoid of words. At the close of year one, most children can say a few basic words. At the outset, the kids are oblivious of the meanings of their maiden words; they learn of the implications of the words when others react to them. At eighteen months, majority of toddlers can utter eight to ten words. At two years, majority can crudely join words into sentences like more milk. They rapidly realize that objects, thoughts and actions are symbolized through words. Children also participate in mock or representational play activities. The ages three, four and five usher in accelerated vocabulary build-up and mastering of the conventions of language by children. Inpidual children follow different language development patterns. A conventional language-attainment progression exists with milestones- observable skills that act as a guide to regular development. The milestones are categorized based on the ages of children. milestones include: Birth to five months, 6-11 months, 12-17 months, 18-23 months, 2-3 years, 3-4 years, 4-5 years, five, six, seven and eight years (Murata, 2000, p.529). At six months, a toddler can vocalize with accent and reacts when their names are called out. The infant reacts to human voices with no visual hints by moving eyes and head. They can fittingly react to either cordial or irate tones. At twelve months, the infant can utilize one or more meaningful words or a portion of a word. The toddler can also comprehend basic instructions if supplemented with verbal or physical cues. The child understands the social worth of speech. By eighteen months, the childs vocabulary numbers 5-20 words, mainly comprising of nouns. They exhibit echolalia; the repetitive uttering of a word and a lot of emotional jargon. They can track basic guidelines. At age two, children can name several items present in their environment. They can utilize at least two prepositions among in, on, under. They can join words into simple sentences mainly comprising of nouns and verbs. They can utter about 67 percent intelligible content and possess 150-300 words vocabulary. The pace and fluency of speech is not well developed with disorganized voice pitch and capacity. Three pronouns, I me and you, are properly used though I is confused with me. The child starts to use my and mine and can react to the command show me your nose (Ritzman, Sanger, 2006, p.271). By the time they are 36 months old, children correctly use the pronouns you and I, several past tenses and plurals and are familiar with at least three prepositions like on, in and under. They recognize and can point out main body organs. They can easily manage three-word sentences and have a vocabulary base of 900-100 words. The use of verbs is predominant. They can comprehend basic queries on their environment and actions and coherently narrates experiences. The kid can answer questions like what one must do when hungry, cold, sleepy or thirsty. They can state their age, gender and names, though they dont usually answer all queries even though they have the answers. At age two, the kid comprehends names of popular animals and can show meanings of at least four prepositions by employing them in sentences. They can name usual items in books or magazine pictures and are familiar with one or more colors. The child can repeat 4 slowly issued digits as well as four syllable words. They can show their comprehension of over and under. The child is aware of most vowels and diphthongs as well as the consonants p, b, m, w, n. They frequently participate in make-believe and perform in-depth verbalization as they perform their activities. They comprehend the contrast notions of larger and longer. Basic commands are adhered to promptly even in the absence of physical stimulus (Ritzman, Sanger, 2006, p.276). At 60 months of age, kids can simultaneously use descriptive adjective and adverb words and are aware of basic opposites like: heavy-light, hard-soft and little-big. They can count up to ten and have number notions amounting to four or more. Speech is fully intelligible with slight articulation hindrances. All consonants (p, m, h, b, k, w, t, g, n, d, ng, y) and vowels are known. The kid can recap as long as nine-word sentences. They can explain usual items based on their uses, for instance, chair, hat and shoe. Kids can adhere to three commands issued in succession are aware of their ages. Basic time notions, for example, afternoon, morning, day, night, later, after, tomorrow, today, yesterday, and while, are well understood. They can utilize quite long, compound and complex sentences. Speech is generally grammatically sound. By age six, children have added the consonants f, sh, v, th, zh, to their vocabulary. Speech is completely logical and socially important. They can relate a connected story about a diagram emphasizing linkages between items and events. At age seven, they have integrated the consonants s-z, r, inaudible th, ch, wh, and the sleek g like in George. They can easily manage similarities like: man-woman, girl-boy, swims-flies, ling-short, sharp-blunt, sour-sweet. They comprehend the sense of, alike, end and different. They can state time to quarter hour and can write or print numerous words and perform basic reading (Murata, 2000, p.536). At eight years, a kid easily relays past events using compound and complex sentences. Few breaks in grammatical constructions occur and all sounds of speech, including consonant mixes, are developed. Reading is easy and writes basic compositions. Where appropriate, social amenities are present in the kids speech with properly developed volume, rate and pitch control. Conversations are almost at adult level and they can adhere to complex commands with minimal repetition. Time and number notions are well established. Speech is the audible expression of language and is developed in the brain. The brain organizes muscles and body organs coordination in the production of unambiguous properly-developed speech. The brain controls the movements of the oral cavity constituents including tongue, lips and jaw as well as movements of the larynx constituents. These physical structures make up speech hardware whereas their activities compose speech software. The respiratory structure, comprising of trachea (windpipe), lungs and rib cage, supplies air making the vocal cords vibrate resulting in the production of sound. The auditory system, composed of outer ear, auditory nerve, inner ear, auditory canal, and brain auditory receptors, facilitates monitoring of speech and comprehension of the speech of others (Murata, 2000, p.541). Reference Murata, N (2000). Speech-Language Strategies for Physical Educators. JOPERD-The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation 520-544 Ritzman, M. 263-282